Volcanology

Introduction of volcanoesthe science of volcanology learned about volcano and an inseparable link with the science of geology.volcano has a fairly complex notion, namely:. is a form generation on the earth's surface that was built by the volcanic pile spices.2. can be summed up as magma type or activity that is underway.3. or an area as well as the emergence of rock leleran regardless volcanic spices come from the earth.active volcanoes meant something if the activity can be seen sacra magmatisnya real. leleran lava from the summit crater or crater side, there pyroclastic eruptions and pyroclastic avalanches, lava eruptions and so characterizes that volcanoes are still active. morphology of an active volcano cone formations generally reveal prima. if the signs are not observed magmatisnya activity, the volcano could be grouped extinguished volcano. but the situation is like this not only means that the volcano is dead, because at one time it could volcano active again. appearance of signs of heat on the surface of the earth turns places like hydrothermal, mud puddles, blowing fumaroles and hot springs is indeed often associated with signs of a volcanic extinction. as a parable contrast, geothermal lines in Indonesia is actually the active volcano standing area, because sulfur gases can be found abundantly in active volcanoes.

Volcanic formation system1. expansion of the continental crust, plates move away from each other to provide opportunities magma moves to the surface, then forming arc volcanoes are ocean.2. collisions, where the oceanic crust beneath the continental crust menunjam. due to friction between the crust and the rocks lasted pelebuaran.3. continental crust move away from each other with the horizontal, causing fractures or faults. fault or fracture is so lines to the surface of molten rock or magma to form a moderate continental arc volcanoes or lava flood during fracture.4. thinning of the oceanic crust due to plate movement provide opportunities to break through to the basic magma ocean, this is a breakthrough magma that forms lava flood lined shield volcanoes.

Sectional diagram that takes into lihatkan how volcanoes are formed on the surface through the continental crust and the oceanic crust and rock fusion mechanism that produces arc volcanoes, volcanoes are oceanic arc, arc volcanoes are continents and oceans basic volcanic arc. (Modified from Sigurdsson, 2000).In Indonesia (Java and Sumatra) volcanic formation takes place due to the collision with the Indian oceanic crust continental crust asia. stronger in the Sumatra subduction and accretion in until the surface appears to form islands, like Nias, Mentawai, and others. (Modification of Katili, 1974).Volcanic historyHistory changes kegunungapian knowledge stems from an understanding of human on the signs though limited in extent and form of animistic very simple. knowledge about volcanoes civilization originated from human behavior as well as the early humans who have close contact with volcanics. hence it is marked no fossil bones of early humans found in Africa and Indonesia. as a parable of the human skeleton is found in the city of pompeii and herculanum were buried by sediment from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. poline people assume that there is volcanic activity under the hand of god powers pele. but the legend of the indian in the United States tells oregeon there is a conflict in the fire god who lives in Mazama mounted with snow gods are housed in mount Shata. battle resulted in the destruction of both mountmazama, and form what is now referred to creater lake. rhythm of the story is also found in the stories or legends of Greek and Roman antiquity. scientific reasoning about volcanoes probably preceded by Empedocles (492-432), where he began pursuing kegunungapian clearly. near the peak of mount etna he uses his time throughout the years. more to observe and believe that in the bowels of the earth there is a solution of hot-forming volcanoes. after Empedocles, most observers seem like Strabo (1600), Martin Lister (1638-1711), Charles Lyell and scrope.in 1827, which put scroplah basic understanding of modern volcanology. In theory, scrope argued that the volcanic activity is the meaning and the benefits contained in the magma gas. and then only some decades, vulkanologiwan frank a. perret give support scrope opinion, in which perret found that the active agent or a gas motor magma. since the study of natural kegunungapian rapid change, where many researchers-researchers seem new. changes in volcano science 20th century pioneered by thomas a. Jaggar, a professor of geology masschusset institute of technology (mit), as well as frank a. perret, an electrical insnyur friend t. a. edison. as well as the history of science apitidak mountains apart of history first observation activity. the center had been set up everywhere, like in hawaii (hawaiian vulcano observatory) and the other countries then began many building centers volcano observation.

Volcanic historyhistory changes in volcano science stems from the human understanding the signs though limited in extent and form of animistic very simple. knowledge about volcanoes civilization originated from human behavior as well as the early humans who have close contact with volcanics. hence it is marked no fossil bones of early humans found in Africa and Indonesia. as a parable of the human skeleton is found in the city of pompeii and herculanum were buried by sediment from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. poline people assume that there is volcanic activity under the hand of god powers pele. but the legend of the indian in the United States tells oregeon there is a conflict in the fire god who lives in Mazama mounted with snow gods are housed in mount Shata. battle resulted in the destruction of both mountmazama, and form what is now referred to creater lake. rhythm of the story is also found in the stories or legends of Greek and Roman antiquity. scientific reasoning about volcanoes probably preceded by Empedocles (492-432), where he began pursuing kegunungapian clearly. near the peak of mount etna he uses his time throughout the years. more to observe and believe that in the bowels of the earth there is a solution of hot-forming volcanoes. after Empedocles, most observers seem like Strabo (1600), Martin Lister (1638-1711), Charles Lyell and scrope.in 1827, which put scroplah basic understanding of modern volcanology. In theory, scrope argued that the volcanic activity is the meaning and the benefits contained in the magma gas. and then only some decades, vulkanologiwan frank a. perret give support scrope opinion, in which perret found that the active agent or a gas motor magma. since the study of natural kegunungapian rapid change, where many researchers-researchers seem new. changes in volcano science 20th century pioneered by thomas a. Jaggar, a professor of geology masschusset institute of technology (mit), as well as frank a. perret, an electrical insnyur friend t. a. edison. as well as the history of science apitidak mountains apart of history first observation activity. the center had been set up everywhere, like in hawaii (hawaiian vulcano observatory) and the other countries then began many building centers volcano observation.Tectonic and VolcanicDiverse geological system, by physical or chemical, such as equilibrium problem stems from the system after it could lead to the restoration of a new equilibrium. existing systems as well as partial equilibrium problems arising concerning to form reciprocal relationships cdan interplay of change. isostatic equilibrium systems, gravity equilibrium, equilibrium geothermal and forth a parable most geological equilibrium. isostatic equilibrium can be realized if the rock mass above the surface of the field is the same compensation as well as normal, until there is no regional deviation. equilibrium change other anatar magma thermal equilibrium, hydrostatic equilibrium, equilibrium thermodynamics, equilibrium physics, chemistry and others. along the frozen magma chamber has not always been able to take the problem of equilibrium, samples shaped heat loss, the formation of crystals, the increase of gas pressure and steam, magma movements, eruption, and so forth. hydrostatic equilibrium if the system is said to magma type heavy swell inward. the deviation in heavy type, though small. equilibrium problems existing in the magma under the earth's surface among other things can cause distorted current course of the continuation of the system immediately followed shaped the formation of the basin (geosinklin), the voltage on the continental crust that ended with the establishment of village heads, cracks and faults; orogenesa, tektogenesa and signs magma breaking through to the surface of the earth.until it is clear that the tectonics and volcanism is an expression of the forces in the earth that dihuibungkan with power transfer system to the surface. tectonic moment is a manifestation of the signs caused by mechanical terms; volcanism is the manifestation of the chemical aspects of the power system pemindhan.there are three volcanic environments can be distinguished:1. distinctive island-arc environment, where the volcano is at the peak of the mountain ridge arcing. basalan magma from the Earth's upper casing located under the ridge can be climbed for a fracture that cuts granite composition. and when magma broke through the arrangement can last turn of the composition, in addition to its own system difrensiasinya meaningful way without any hurdles. on the surface can form volcanoes andesitan.2. distinctive ocean environment, where the volcano appeared and spread over the crest of the ridge lined with the crust samodranya reakahan system. fractures that cut through the arrangement basalan, alkaline primary magma generations over the cloak of earth origin which is below the ridge. and because barely see granitan arrangement, then the magma which differentiates all the way to the turn of the shaped unnatural basalan.3. continental distinctive envoironment, where the unstable mountain path there is no arrangement granitan thin crust. magma is close to the basic roots of generations of mountain, then ride slowly past the fissures in the crust granitan and appears on the surface as well as volcanic andesitan riolitan .